|
| common_name = Bolivia | image_coat = Coat of arms of Bolivia.svg | image_flag = Flag of Bolivia (state).svg | other_symbol = | other_symbol_type = | national_motto = | national_anthem = | image_map = Bolivia (orthographic projection).svg | map_width = 220px | alt_map = | image_map2 = | alt_map2 = | map_caption2 = | capital = Sucre | largest_city = | languages_type = Official languages | languages = and 33 other native languages | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = 2009 | demonym = Bolivian | government_type = Unitary presidential constitutional republic | leader_title1 = President | leader_name1 = Evo Morales | leader_title2 = Vice President | leader_name2 = Álvaro García Linera | legislature = Plurinational Legislative Assembly | upper_house = Senate | lower_house = Chamber of Deputies | sovereignty_type = Independence | sovereignty_note = from Spain | established_event1 = Declared | established_date1 = 6 August 1825 | established_event2 = Recognized | established_date2 = 21 July 1847 | established_event3 = Current constitution | established_date3 = 7 February 2009 | area_rank = 28th | area_magnitude = 1 E12 | area_km2 = 1,098,581 | area_sq_mi = 424,163 | area_footnote = | percent_water = 1.29 |population_estimate = 10,556,102〔(Bolivia Population )〕 |population_estimate_year = 2014-03-25 |population_estimate_rank = 83rd |population_density_km2 = 9 |population_density_sq_mi = 23 |population_density_rank = 221st | GDP_PPP_year = 2015 | GDP_PPP = $73.879 billion | GDP_PPP_rank =91st | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $6,420〔 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $33.537 billion〔 | GDP_nominal_rank =96th | GDP_nominal_year = 2015 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,914〔 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini_year = 2010 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini = 53 | Gini_ref = 〔 | Gini_rank = 14th | HDI_year = 2013 | HDI_change = steady | HDI = 0.667 | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = 113th | currency = Boliviano | currency_code = BOB | time_zone = BOT | utc_offset = −4 | drives_on = right | calling_code = +591 | iso3166code = | cctld = .bo | footnote_a = While Sucre is the constitutional capital, La Paz is the seat of the government. See below. }} Bolivia (; ; (ケチュア語:Buliwya) (:bʊlɪwja); (アイマラ語:Wuliwya) ; (グアラニー語:Volívia) (:ʋoˈliʋja)), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia ((スペイン語:Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia)),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bolivia (Plurinational State of) )〕 is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil, to the southeast by Paraguay, to the south by Argentina, to the southwest by Chile, and to the northwest by Peru. Although only one-third of the country is located in the Andean mountain range, its largest city and principal economic centers are in the Altiplano. Before Spanish colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was a part of the Inca Empire, while the northern and eastern lowlands were inhabited by independent tribes. The Spanish ''conquistadors'' arriving from Cuzco and Asunción took control of the region in the 16th century. During most of the Spanish colonial period, Bolivia was known as ''Upper Peru'' and administered by the Royal Court of Charcas. Spain built its empire in great part upon the silver that was extracted from Bolivia's mines. After the first call for independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar, on 6 August 1825. Since independence, Bolivia has endured periods of political and economic instability, including the loss of various peripheral territories to its neighbors, such as Acre and parts of the Gran Chaco. It has been landlocked since it lost its Pacific coast territory to Chile in the War of the Pacific (1879–84), but agreements with neighbouring countries have granted it indirect access to the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The country's population, estimated at 10 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Mestizos, Europeans, Asians and Africans. The racial and social segregation that arose from Spanish colonialism has continued to the modern era. Before the revolution of 1952, native Bolivians were not permitted even to enter the principal plaza of La Paz, which contains the presidential palace and the congress. Many indigenous Bolivians today still seek to “pass” as mixed-race mestizos, whose social status is regarded as somewhat higher. The main language spoken is Spanish, although the Guarani, Aymara and Quechua languages are also common, and all four, as well as 34 other indigenous languages, are official. Modern Bolivia is constitutionally a democratic republic, divided into nine departments. Its geography varies from the peaks of the Andes in the West, to the Eastern Lowlands, situated within the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country, with a medium ranking in the Human Development Index and a poverty level of 53 percent. Its main economic activities include agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, and manufacturing goods such as textiles, clothing, refined metals, and refined petroleum. Bolivia is very wealthy in minerals, especially tin. == Etymology == Bolivia is named after Simón Bolívar, a leader in the Spanish American wars of independence. The leader of Venezuela, Antonio José de Sucre, had been given the option by Bolívar to either keep Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia) under the newly formed Republic of Peru, to unite with the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, or to formally declare its independence from the Viceroyalty of Peru that had dominated most of the region. Sucre opted to create a new nation and, with local support, named it in honor of Simón Bolívar. The original name was Republic of Bolívar. Some days later, congressman Manuel Martín Cruz proposed: "If from Romulus comes Rome, then from Bolívar comes Bolivia" (). The name was approved by the Republic on 3 October 1825. In 2009, a new constitution changed the country's official name to "Plurinational State of Bolivia" in recognition of the multi-ethnic nature of the country and the enhanced position of Bolivia's indigenous peoples under the new constitution. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bolivia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|